Relocation trends determined by increasing risks in Eastern Europe: An ANP-TOPSIS approach

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed companies' perspective on relocation and brought uncertainty into people's lives. Uncertainty, a decisive factor in today's global environment, requires new research about human resources and companies. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unexpected need for change within organizations, especially in terms of human resources management, creating a complex and challenging environment that interferes with business continuity, forcing employees to cope with this challenging situation. OBJECTIVE: The article aims identifying the changes generated by the COVID 19 pandemic in the relocation of businesses from the European Union, assessing the relocation trends of companies around the world in European countries in this volatile macroeconomic environment. The sustainability of companies, the way they can overcome the crises generated by the pandemic depend mainly on economic, social, financial, political factors and human resource involved in the relocation process. Studying the influence of the pandemic on relocation decision contributes to better management of crises in the future and to reducing risks. METHODS: The study proposes an integrated ANP-TOPSIS (Analytic Network Process-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) for ordering preference according to the ideal solution framework. Priority should be given to solutions that consider the interactions between factors involved in decision-making. The proposed model will increase the efficiency of the transfer decision-making process and help managers choose solutions effectively based on their importance and impact on the company and the human resources involved. RESULTS: The synthesis of the indicators and methods used, in addition to the factors that affect relocation, complements the specialized literature. The results showed a shift in business relocation options from east to west, demonstrating the current trend in the relocation issue associated with the COVID-19 virus. Eastern European countries are no longer as attractive for companies relocating compared to the pre-pandemic period. The countries with more stable economies, characterized by lower risks, seem to become more attractive to companies that relocate their facilities. CONCLUSIONS: The strategic positioning of the firm, its growth or adaptation to the present environment, and its geographic focus are fundamental components of a company's migration. The selection of an ideal site is a research problem;not only to find a place where firms will have access to qualified human resources, to lower their costs, to be close to raw materials or the market, but also to prevent associated relocation hazards. According to research, today's reality necessitates a risk-focused strategy.

OYO: Growth, Descend, Resilience, Resurgence

The year 2021 had drawn to a close. OYO, the India-based hotel start-up that had witnessed a pandemic-induced descent in business, appeared to have ticked the right boxes and was on a resurgence path. Founded in 2013, OYO grew rapidly in its initial years and had operations in 800 cities in 80 countries in 2019, just prior to the onset of COVID-19. It was the ‘fastest growing' hotel chain in the world. Burgeoning losses at the time compelled OYO to make a strategic shift from aggressive growth to an accretive growth strategy. In the mid of its course correction endeavour, OYO's business plunged in wake of COVID-19. OYO exhibited resilience and strived for resurgence even though it remained in the red. What were the resource-based and position-based sources of competitive advantage that propelled OYO's meteoric rise initially and enabled it to remain resolute in the COVID-19 crisis? Can OYO be termed as successful in light of the Balanced Scorecard framework? What strategic options are available to OYO to maintain its growth trajectory in the post-pandemic phase?

The balanced scorecard in the process of crisis management of bank at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic

The goal of this article is presenting the author's conception of the balanced scorecard as a comprehensive tool supported the process of strategic (crisis) management of commercial bank in terms of the economic (supply and demand) shock caused by a COVID-19 pandemic, the effect of which is a liquidity collapse of the real sphere of the economy (involved enterprises and households), and consequently – spectre of the recession (mitigated by financial support of the state, dedicated to the firms and their employees within the government assistance programmes). This article – in the context of its goal – verifies the research hypothesis assumed that the balanced scorecard, despite its criticism in the scientific literature taking into account the views on its usefulness in the strategic management and the occurrence of the alternative tools in this area, is the helpful instrument of the strategic bank control in the age of the COVID-19 pandemic. Critical analysis of the balanced scorecard showed that correctly adjusted to the requirements of bank, under new conditions of the COVID-19 epidemic threat, it can find a use for implementation, realization and measurement of banking strategy. The article presents the impact of pandemic crisis on the financial condition of the commercial banks as well as strategic planning practices in these banks before and during the COVID-19 epidemic. The genesis, essence and structure of one of the strategic management methods in the form of the balanced scorecard were also discussed. There were shown its usefulness in this area of the bank's functioning against the background of the alternative strategic management models, having regard to its critical literature analysis. The article is crowned with posited model of the balanced scorecard for the commercial bank, completed with the strategy map, that poses its graphic visualization, taking into account the effects of the global economic crisis, induced by the COVID-19 epidemic. The appropriateness of the choice of the proposed tool of the bank strategic management in the era of pandemic crisis was confirmed by the discussion and conclusions on its usefulness in the current economic reality. © 2022 Narodowy Bank Polski. All rights reserved.

The impact of balanced scorecard in estimating the performance of banks in Palestine

PurposeThis study aims to see the influence of a balanced scorecard (BSC) to determine the performance of banks in Palestine. Among the institutions that influence the economy of any country is the banking sector. Despite the influence of this sector on the economic policies and implementation in Palestine, there appears to be the difficulty of the appropriate approach to measuring its performance. Various techniques have failed to be efficient and effective. It creates an impulse to investigate the impact of a BSC in estimating the performance of banks in Palestine.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted a descriptive design of the ex-post facto type with a sample of 126 senior bank staff randomly selected from fourteen Palestinian banks. In total, 3 hypotheses were raised and tested using Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance.FindingsThe result showed that bank performance positively correlated with internal business process perspective (r = 0.633, p < 0.01), followed by customers' perspective (r = 0.338, p < 0.01), financial perspective (r = 0.321, p < 0.01) and learning and growth perspective (r = 0.230, p < 0.01). While regression analysis showed that the most potent factor was internal business process perspective (Beta = 0.670, t = 10.320, p < 0.01), followed by learning and growth perspective (Beta = 0.185, t = 2.812, p < 0.01) and customers' perspective (Beta = 0.150, t = 2.469, p < 0.05) and financial perspective (Beta = 0.100, t = 2.200, p < 0.05). This implies that a unit increase in internal business process perspective, learning and growth perspective and customer's perspective will increase bank performance by 67%, 18.5%, 15% and 10%, respectively.Practical implicationsAmong others, it was recommended that employees be exposed to the BSC model and its principles through continuous train as to ensure adequate application and implementation for enhanced bank performance. Administrators and stakeholders should ensure that the properties of each dimension of the BSC model are adequately worked on for easy fulfillment of the potentials in the model. It creates an avenue for a full-fledge organization with a workable customer, financial, internal business process, learning and growth perspective.Originality/valueThis is an initial study that used a BSC to determine the performance of banks in Palestine. Prior researchers overlook BSC dimensions composite and relative effect on the prediction of bank performance in Palestine.

Leveraging the balanced scorecard to reformulate the strategy of a performing arts theater: a stakeholders' perspective

Purpose: This study expands the performance management literature by developing a strategy map and balanced scorecard (BSC) for a large performing arts theater (PAT). Design/methodology/approach: First, interviews with significant stakeholders identify key success factors (KSFs). Next, a survey is administered, and a structural model is employed to determine the importance of each KSF and their interdependent causal relationships within the PAT. Each KSF's controllability and room for improvement are also measured to facilitate implementation strategies. Findings: The results reveal that the Financial Perspective plays a critical role in the PAT's success, while significant changes can be enacted by focusing on the Internal Processes Perspective. Regarding the individual KSF, the following emerge as the most critical: excellent reputation, attendance growth, increasing sponsorship and donation, and supporting the local arts community;however, PAT managers will have to be creative to enact change through these KSF as some are difficult to control or have little perceived room for improvement. Research limitations/implications: The data were collected prior to, or at the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Post-pandemic priorities for the organization may have changed. Practical implications: By highlighting the relationships between different KSFs, this study provides PAT managers with a frame of reference for developing their BSC and performance metrics. It also offers PAT's managers a structured and adaptable approach for prioritizing their strategic choices and developing implementation plans for improved outcomes. Originality/value: This study exemplifies the need for applied BSC studies in various sectors, including nonprofit organizations. Specifically, this study extends the performance management literature by providing an example of a large PAT's performance measures, the inter-relationships among KSF and the resulting strategy map. The results are significant because arts management is a unique discipline based upon a specific body of knowledge (Weinstein and Bukovinsky, 2009). © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Market Competition, Balanced Scorecard, and Their Effects on Hotel Organizational Performance and Manager's Satisfaction

This study examines the effect of market competition as a determinant of the balanced scorecard (BSC) system and the two consequences of organizational performance and managers' satisfaction. Four hypotheses are tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The data were collected from 145 valid responses from four- and five-star hotels in Turkey and focused on the pandemic period. The results revealed that market competition does not affect the use of BSC. Nevertheless, the BSC leads to better organizational performance and system satisfaction for managers. Managers' satisfaction with the BSC was also positively related to the performance of hotel organizations.

Differentiation strategies and tourism performance interplay

This paper explores the upscaling of performance using a differentiation strategy among tour operator companies in Nairobi City County. The study followed a descriptive design approach, with the balanced scorecard and Porter's generic strategies forming the theoretical basis. Fifteen (15) company owners and 210 managers participated in the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interviews. Stratified simple random sampling was used to sample respondents from the companies while purposive sampling was used to select company owners. Data collected were analysed in SPSS (Ver.26) using descriptive statistics to infer variable characteristics. Inferential statistics: Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and simple linear regression were used to detect the strength of the relationship and test the hypothesis. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between differentiation strategy and organizational performance (r=0.77, P=0.000), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Regression analysis revealed an adjusted R2(0.602) indicating that differentiation strategy explains 60.2% of organizational performance 's variation (*=0.594, P=. 000). The study recommends that tour operator companies should develop innovative packages based on place and price and significantly invest in R&D to enhance a strong brand for optimal performance. This study provides policymakers with an avenue to scrutinize levels of organizational performance using a strategic management approach.

SMEs Managers' Perceptions of MCS: A Mixed Methods Approach

The goals of this study are to explore the use of the Management Control Systems (MCS) by SMEs' managers at the country level in order to identify the importance given to financial and nonfinancial measures, as well as key performance indicators. In this study, we use the behavioral accounting lens and adopt mixed methods approach to study the use of the MCS in Portuguese small to medium enterprises (SMEs): a correlational and a configurational analysis. Data was collected from a cross-sectional survey of 414 top managers of Portuguese SMEs across several industries. The results show that managers' perceptions of the importance given to financial measures is positively and significantly related to the importance given to several nonfinancial measures. We take an original approach by addressing the managers' perceptions to contribute to the understanding of Portuguese SMEs' use of tools for strategy implementation: the use of different MCS. Additionally, the study discovers alternative configurations of individual and organizational conditions that lead to the managers' perception of the importance given to financial and nonfinancial measures. This paper offers support for SMEs based on controlling strategy implementation by using MCS. The study's limitations regard a relatively low response rate to the questionnaire (4.56%), which may be justified because data was collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. We offer alternative configurations that generate the perception of managers about the importance of using financial and nonfinancial measures. Our results enlighten the use of such tools in support of strategic accomplishment.

Identify and prioritize the factors affecting fiscal discipline in Municipalities

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Global events in recent months, such as the (COVID-19) pandemic, have put pressures on the public budget especially in municipalities that have made it more difficult to understand and measure. Meanwhile, Fiscal discipline as one of the most basic concepts of optimal management of resources and expenditures requires purposeful research and in this regard, the present study was conducted to identify and ranking the factors affecting the fiscal discipline of Municipalities to improve financial aspects of urban management. METHODS: In this research, the mixed exploratory approach has been used so that the qualitative method has played an exploratory role and the quantitative method has played a confirmatory role. Also, in the qualitative stage, the Meta-Synthesis Method and in the quantitative stage, the Shannon entropy method have been used to ranking the factors. FINDINGS: By reviewing 34 studies out of 114 initial studies, researchers identified 14 Indicators and 110 codes as factors affecting the Fiscal discipline of Municipalities mentioned in various studies during the years 2000 to early 2021;identified and categorized in the form of four balanced scorecard (BSC) perspectives. CONCLUSION: The results of this research, in addition to the richness of the literature on the concept of fiscal discipline, assist municipalities in managing fiscal discipline and supervisory institutions in assessments by providing a categorized checklist of factors. © 2022 Medical Information Center. All rights reserved.

Supply Chain Performance Measurement Methodology for COVID-19 Disruption Recovery- Natural Gas Retailing in India

The coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic disruption adversely impacted the Supply Chain for Natural Gas(NG) retailing, jeopardizing committed targets for thesocio-economic transition toa gas-based economyleading to inclusive growth in India. Furthermore, Omicron'srapid spread is a cause of global concern. This research aims to develop a conceptual Supply Chain Performance (SCP) measurement methodology for reducing recovery time post exogenous disruption. Exploratory research involving an integrative literature review identifies different approaches, frameworks, models, and techniques for Supply Chain PerformanceMeasurement(SCPM). Analysis reveals that the application of DMAIC improves the reliability of Supply Chain Management (SCM) functional processes during disruption recovery while synthesizing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) with Triple Bottom Line(TBL) accounting approach provides a rigorous robust method to represents financial, social, and environmental performance goals. Accordingly, findings present a methodology with nine systematic steps to evaluate performance by City Gas Distribution(CGD)entities to accelerate NG retail consumption and speed up network expansion to meetthe growing clean energy demand of the urban populace. Additionally, anIndian model for transition to a gas-based economy is also presentedto distinguish competing goals to harmonize growth with environmental sustainability and ecological modernization. Though SCP is a mature concept, the literature on its methodology during disruption recovery for NG retailing is scanty. Hence, the proposed action-oriented SCPM methodology has practical implications for improving SCP, contributing uniquely to the retail SCM domain for NG. Its application will instigate industry practitioners to review Supply Chain Management (SCM) processes and strategies to improve service effectiveness and delivery efficiency.

Analytical Toolkit in Terms of Increasing Competitiveness under Unstable Economic Conditions

The turbulence of the business environment creates special conditions for business. In particular, challenges in the context of business competitiveness are growing under unstable conditions at the micro and macro level. The aim of the paper is to determine the role of analytical tools in increasing the level of competitiveness of Ukrainian companies under unstable business conditions. It is emphasized that under the influence of agile global socio-economic processes, companies face the problem of maintaining the level of competitiveness through the use of outdated analytical tools. Attention is drawn to the fact that in Ukraine the problem of using analytical tools for that purpose is exacer-bated by protracted socio-economic and financial-economic crises, the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, active hostilities, and humanitarian crisis caused by war. It is emphasized that Ukrainian companies are forced to look for the latest approaches to the development and application of analytical tools in terms of ensuring competitiveness. In particular, the special focus of Ukrainian business is aimed at building an integrated system of competitiveness management, covering all aspects of economic activity that are directly or indirectly related to the creation of competitive advantages. Analysis of macro-level indicators is performed in the context of determining the state of factors influencing Ukrainian business competitiveness. The dynamics of unemployment, consumer prices, and retail trade turnover in Ukraine are proposed as key indicators of the state of the national economy and prospects for its development, which in turn indicate the state of competitiveness. The analysis of the state of competitiveness in Ukraine on the basis of the Index of Economic Freedom was carried out separately. Emphasis is placed on urgent challenges for Ukrainian enterprises in the context of the difficult state of competitiveness in comparison with developed and developing countries in the European region. It is proposed to use the unemployment rate, consumer price index, and the dynamics of retail trade as the main drivers of competitiveness at the macro level. It is emphasized that there is a need to integrate macro-and micro-level indicators into the Balanced Scorecard analytical tool in order to make management decisions regarding business competitiveness.

The Evolution of Balanced Scorecard in Healthcare: A Systematic Review of Its Design, Implementation, Use, and Review.

During the last few years, the interest in performance measurement increased within the healthcare sector. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare systems needed to boost performance measurement systems to become more resilient and improve their capability in monitoring key performance indicators. Since the 1990s, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model has been widely used among private and public organizations as it is the most adopted model to measure performance. The current paper aims at understanding the evolution of BSC in healthcare. The systematic literature review has been carried out by searching keywords according to PRISMA guidelines. By analyzing papers through one classification of BSC adoption phases, the results reveal that studies focused mainly on the BSC design process, rather than BSC implementation, use, or review. However, there is no agreement about the perspectives to be adopted in healthcare. Concerning BSC implementation and use, on one side especially leadership, culture and communication enable the BSC implementation. On the other side, monitoring and strategic decision-making are the most widespread objectives for using BSC. Concerning BSC review, however, the paper highlights a need for additional research. Finally, the paper provides further research opportunities concerning the phases suitable for implementing a BSC in healthcare.

How to Engage Health Care Workers in the Evaluation of Hospitals: Development and Validation of BSC-HCW1-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Organizations worldwide utilize the balanced scorecard (BSC) for their performance evaluation (PE). This research aims to provide a tool that engages health care workers (HCWs) in BSC implementation (BSC-HCW1). Additionally, it seeks to translate and validate it at Palestinian hospitals. In a cross-sectional study, 454 questionnaires were retrieved from 14 hospitals. The composite reliability (CR), interitem correlation (IIC), and corrected item total correlation (CITC) were evaluated. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. In both EFA and CFA, the scale demonstrated a good level of model fit. All the items had loadings greater than 0.50. All factors passed the discriminant validity. Although certain factors' convergent validity was less than 0.50, their CR, IIC, and CITC were adequate. The final best fit model had nine factors and 28 items in CFA. The BSC-HCW1 is the first self-administered questionnaire to engage HCWs in assessing the BSC dimensions following all applicable rules and regulations. The findings revealed that this instrument's psychometric characteristics were adequate. Therefore, the BSC-HCW1 can be utilized to evaluate BSC perspectives and dimensions. It will help managers highlight which BSC dimension predicts HCW satisfaction and loyalty and examine differences depending on HCWs' and hospital characteristics.

CORRELATION OF HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE (HRQOL) MEASURES WITH DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL VARIABLES AND COVID-19 INCIDENCE RATE IN HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with ESRD present high symptom burden and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). While the maintenance of medical Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) within defined ranges has been traditionally the focus for dialysis patients' healthcare, there is now increasing evidence of how selfreported HRQoL data could also significantly impact their outcomes. The inclusion of these data, using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurements (PROM), to the routine medical practice works in favor of providing personalized treatments and detecting new outcomes' predictive factors. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate possible correlations between demographic and clinical variables as well as the COVID-19 incidence rate with HRQoL scores in a haemodialysis patients' cohort. METHOD: This is a retrospective, observational analysis performed in a total of 47 clinics from Fresenius Medical Care (FMC) Spain in the last quarter of 2021. Patients' demographic and clinical variables were obtained from EuCliD ® (European Clinical database). As part of our Healthcare Quality Improvement Program, HRQoL measurements were assessed using the KDQOLTM-36 questionnaire by an electronic device (ePROM). This questionnaire was developed specifically for patients affected by kidney disease and combines a generic assessment, which evaluates Physical and Mental Composite Scores (PCS and MCS, respectively) and three disease-specific scales where Effects, Burden and Symptoms dimensions are scored (EKD, BKD and SKD) [1]. For all clinics, we also collect data regarding their Spanish region, the presence or not of multidisciplinary teams in their staff and their number of active issues. This last parameter, part of FMC Balanced Scorecard, is calculated according to the number of KPIs below range, where a higher score indicates a higher number of active issues. Finally, the COVID-19 incidence rate adjusted per region was obtained from the Spanish Ministry of Health register. The mean (±SD) for quantitative variables and frequencies (%) for those categorical were calculated. We explored possible correlations between the HRQoL average scores and the different variables included in the study. All tests were performed using IBM ® SPSS ® Statistics V19 software and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 3480 ePROM were completed (patients' response rate = 82.4%, Figure 1). Descriptive parameters for demographic and clinical variables are shown in Table 1. The different KDQOLTM-36 average scores were the following: PCS: 39.3 ± 2.3;MCS: 47 ± 3;EKD: 70 ± 7.4;BKD: 48.1 ± 8.9 and SKD: 81.2 ± 4.3. We found positive correlations between the presence of nutritionist staff with MCS and the quality of dialysis treatment (measured by OCM Kt/V) and the frequency of AVF as vascular access with EKD score. Unexpectedly, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) showed positively correlation with PCS. Regarding negative correlations, variables as the Spanish region, the proportion of women in the clinics, body composition parameters (ATM and FTM) and serum P concentration were all associated with PCS. We also observed that EKD scores could be affected in those clinics with a higher number of active issues. Moreover, high levels of CRP or Vitamin D may lead to worsening symptoms. Interestingly, we finally observed how a higher incidence rate of COVID-19 in the region could influence the BDK score in patients receiving haemodialysis treatment. CONCLUSION: Although further analyses are needed, our study showed the correlation of HRQoL scores obtained by ePROM with factors of great impact in patients' outcomes. According to provide a higher healthcare quality and personalized treatments for ESRD patients, an integral approach considering their HRQoL data should be essential.

The influence of strategy on performance: the case of REMAX real estate network - Portugal

Globalisation has changed the way business is viewed and oriented. Its impact is broad and wide-ranging, requiring an analysis and reflection of the existing business approaches and their respective practices. Covid-19 pandemic accelerated this situation and made it necessary for organisations to create new methods and tools to adapt to the actual context we are living in. This paper has as main goal to analyse the influence of strategy on the performance of REMAX real estate companies in Portugal. To achieve this objective, this research was developed according to a quantitative methodology, whose data was collected through a questionnaire survey, addressed to the directors boards of the real estate mediation companies of REMAX network, in Portugal, of which 70 valid answers were obtained. The obtained results show that the strategy has a strong influence on the performance. In addition, the results reveal that only the adopted prospective strategy by the companies has a direct impact on performance. The performance skills of the organisations, such as financial performance, customers and internal processes are the antecedents that most influence the strategy. © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Industry 4.0 Research: Information and Communication Technology Capability Index for Supply Chain Management

Purpose—The objective of this paper is to suggest methods to compute an effective Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Capability Index for Supply Chain Management (SCM) as part of assessment framework on ICT impact on SCM. The other part of this assessment framework is an empirical model based on SCOR level I performance indicators. This framework can be seamlessly dovetailed into the universally accepted and popular APICS Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model as its constructs are based on SCOR. The assessment framework will be a welcome addition to the Industry 4.0 research underway. Design/methodology/approach—Survey questionnaire was administered and collected from 200 + SCM professionals in sectors such as manufacturing, services, MSMEs, international companies as well as SCM/ERP professionals working as domain experts in IT and service companies. Snowball sampling was primarily used with the support of various industrial associations and professional body chapters. This questionnaire combines quantitative and qualitative inputs with adequate provision for open-ended questions with user input as a means of eliciting case interviews. After Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using SEM was employed to validate the empirical model, its performance indicators are ranked using AHP and the weights are ascertained. Computing the ICT Capability Index for SCM from the metrics of the assessment model is done using tools such as Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Snorm De Boer standardized normalization (SNORM) method. Findings—An ICT capability index for SCM is computed based on user input with respect to the impact of ICT on the supply chain performance indicator as part of this framework using the methods of BSC & SNORM. 2 industry case studies are used for the computation and analysis of this index. Research limitations/implications—Discussion with an enterprise is needed to take input on the impact of ICT on each supply chain performance indicator in our calculation for the index. This investigation considers ICT deployment as the variable which encompasses the entire gamut of ICT tools and technologies. There could be different granular approaches to ICT as a variable. A scoring system, scale, and rubric are proposed to be evolved based on multiple case studies of various enterprises as an extension to this research work. There is tremendous scope to extend the investigation into SCOR level II metrics which are diagnostics of strategic metrics and level III metrics which are context or sector-specific and also considering various geographies. Originality/value–The managerial implications of this ICT Capability Index for SCM assumes greater significance as a result of the present situation due to Covid-19 pandemic, which has accelerated the need for Industry 4.0, digitalization and embracing of ICT not only for supply chain but also all aspects of the enterprise. There is also an identified lacuna in terms of performance scoring and assessment framework with respect to impact of ICT in SCM. The advantages of this index are that it is universal and can be used by any enterprise irrespective of the geography or country, vertical or domain, manufacturing or services. This index will provide insights to enterprises on their ICT capabilities and help them to further leverage ICT so as to adapt their organizations, digitize their operations and also benchmark with their peers and competitors. A scoring system and rubric is proposed to be evolved based on multiple case studies of various enterprises as an extension to this research work. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

The Relationship Between Sustainability, SCM Performance, and Financial Performance of Korean SMEs

Purpose - This study carried out an empirical study of the impact of sustainability - which has been gaining attention as challenges are arising in supply chains based on existing trade networks due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic - on SCM performance and financial performance of Korean SMEs. The study seeks to propose a measurement model to enhance the SCM performance and financial performance of Korean SMEs and to identify the relationship between sustainability, SCM performance and financial performance to suggest implications to SMEs, governments, and relevant organizations. Design/methodology - Our Analysis established hypotheses that economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and other factors related to sustainability have a positive impact on SCM performance and financial performance as well as SCM performance has a positive impact on financial performance, making empirical validations by utilizing Structural Equation Modeling based on data collected through survey from Korean SMEs. Findings - According to an empirical study, although environmental sustainability and economic sustainability among factors of sustainability had a positive influence on SCM performance, social sustainability did not have a statistically significant influence. Furthermore, it was learned that only economic sustainability had a positive influence on financial performance while SCM performance has a positive influence on financial performance. Originality/value - This empirical study explored the relationship between SCM performance and financial performance of Korean SMEs with a high tendency to depend on specific supply chains when the international trade network is in confusion and/or the global supply chain has collapsed. If Korean SMEs allocate management resources to the factors deducted from this study, they would be able to build more efficient supply chains and improve financial performance to improve sustainability.

Airline catering supply chain performance during pandemic disruption: a Bayesian network modelling approach

Purpose The supply chain (SC) encompasses all actions related to meeting customer requests and transferring materials upstream to meet those demands. Organisations must operate towards increasing SC efficiency and effectiveness to meet SC objectives. Although most businesses expected the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to severely negatively impact their SCs, they did not know how to model disruptions or their effects on performance in the event of a pandemic, leading to delayed responses, an incomplete understanding of the pandemic's effects and late deployment of recovery measures. Therefore, this study aims to consider the impact of implementing Bayesian network (BN) modelling to measure SC performance in the airline catering context. Design/methodology/approach This study presents a method for modelling and quantifying SC performance assessment for airline catering. In the COVID-19 context, the researchers proposed a BN model to measure SC performance and risk events and quantify the consequences of pandemic disruptions. Findings The study simulates and measures the impact of different triggers on SC performance and business continuity using forward and backward propagation analysis, among other BN features, enabling us to combine various SC perspectives and explicitly account for pandemic scenarios. Originality/value This study's findings offer a fresh theoretical perspective on the use of BNs in pandemic SC disruption modelling. The findings can be used as a decision-making tool to predict and better understand how pandemics affect SC performance.

A systematic review: the dimensions to evaluate health care performance and an implication during the pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The balanced scorecard (BSC) has been implemented to evaluate the performance of health care organizations (HCOs). BSC proved to be effective in improving financial performance and patient satisfaction. AIM: This systematic review aims to identify all the perspectives, dimensions, and KPIs that are vital and most frequently used by health care managers in BSC implementations. METHODS: This systematic review adheres to PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases and Google search engine were inspected to find all implementations of BSC at HCO. The risk of bias was assessed using the nonrandomized intervention studies (ROBINS-I) tool to evaluate the quality of observational and quasi-experimental studies and the Cochrane (RoB 2) tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RESULTS: There were 33 eligible studies, of which we identified 36 BSC implementations. The categorization and regrouping of the 797 KPIs resulted in 45 subdimensions. The reassembly of these subdimensions resulted in 13 major dimensions: financial, efficiency and effectiveness, availability and quality of supplies and services, managerial tasks, health care workers' (HCWs) scientific development error-free and safety, time, HCW-centeredness, patient-centeredness, technology, and information systems, community care and reputation, HCO building, and communication. On the other hand, this review detected that BSC design modification to include external and managerial perspectives was necessary for many BSC implementations. CONCLUSION: This review solves the KPI categorization dilemma. It also guides researchers and health care managers in choosing dimensions for future BSC implementations and performance evaluations in general. Consequently, dimension uniformity will improve the data sharing and comparability among studies. Additionally, despite the pandemic negatively influencing many dimensions, the researchers observed a lack of comprehensive HCO performance evaluations. In the same vein, although some resulting dimensions were assessed separately during the pandemic, other dimensions still lack investigation. Last, BSC dimensions may play an essential role in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. However, further research is required to investigate the BSC implementation effect in mitigating the pandemic consequences on HCO.

Green Transportation Balanced Scorecard Model: A Fuzzy-Delphi Approach During COVID-19

Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, logistics has received much attention by practitioners and researchers. The paper develops an integrated model for green transportation performance evaluation using the Balanced Scorecard. We propose a set of indicators to evaluate green transportation. These indicators are selected based on Fuzzy-Delphi method following different quantitative judgments of experts. The various criteria are related to the green transportation imperatives especially sustainability, stakeholder engagement and integration, continuous process improvement and green innovation. The proposed Balanced Scorecard is based on progressive methodological steps integrating the precision of the performance levers, the balancing of the components of this performance, the selection of the sustainability factors and the possibility of continuous improvement and adaptation of the selected factors. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.